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美国国务院《国际宗教自由报告》·中国部分US Report on International Religious Freedom: China

一、文件是什么1. What this document is

《国际宗教自由报告》（Report on International Religious Freedom）是美国国务院依照《1998年国际宗教自由法》（International Religious Freedom Act，简称IRFA）每年发布的逐国报告。与综合性的《各国人权报告》不同，这套报告只追踪一个领域：宗教信仰自由。它逐国记录上一年度内，各国政府对待宗教团体与信教个人的法律、政策与具体做法，包括哪些宗教被承认、哪些团体被取缔、哪些人因信仰被拘留、检控或判刑。本页以最近公开发布的一期为据：覆盖2023年、于2024年6月26日发布的报告中国部分。The Report on International Religious Freedom is an annual, country-by-country report issued by the U.S. Department of State under the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (IRFA). Unlike the comprehensive Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, this series tracks a single field: freedom of religion and belief. For each country it records, for the preceding year, the laws, policies, and concrete practices by which governments treat religious communities and individual believers — which religions are recognized, which groups are banned, and which people are detained, prosecuted, or sentenced for their faith. This page is based on the most recently published edition: the China chapter of the report covering 2023, released on June 26, 2024.

这套报告与IRFA的另一项制度安排直接相连：列名。依据该法，美国国务卿每年指定一批"特别关注国"（Countries of Particular Concern，简称CPC），法定含义是"从事或容忍特别严重的宗教自由侵犯"的国家，并配套相应的制裁或处置措施。因此，这份报告不只是一份状况汇编，它同时是美国政府每年作出列名决定的事实基础。中国在本页中需要单独标明的连续性正在于此：自1999年起，中国每一年都被列为CPC，从未间断。报告中国部分逐年记录的具体内容——哪些教会财产被拆、哪些神职人员被关、哪些信徒被以何种罪名检控——是这一年复一年列名的证据底稿。This report series is directly connected to another mechanism under IRFA: designation. Under the Act, the Secretary of State each year designates a set of Countries of Particular Concern (CPC), a statutory term for countries that engage in or tolerate particularly severe violations of religious freedom, accompanied by corresponding sanctions or other measures. The report is therefore not only a compilation of conditions; it is also the factual basis on which the U.S. government makes its annual designation decisions. The continuity that must be flagged in China's case is this: China has been designated a CPC every single year since 1999, without interruption. The specifics recorded year by year in the China chapter — which church properties were demolished, which clergy were imprisoned, which believers were prosecuted and under what charges — are the evidentiary file behind that unbroken series of designations.

本页的读法与本站同栏目的人权报告页相同：区分"本期记录"与"历年连续记录"两层。本期（覆盖2023年）报告记录的是2023年内中国宗教自由的状况与当年发生的处置、制裁与列名决定；而CPC列名自1999年延续至今这一事实，属于贯穿全系列的连续记录。第三节中个别条目（如成都秋雨圣约教会王怡牧师被判九年）是历年积累、在报告叙述中反复出现的代表性个案，本站按报告的叙述口径转述，并注明其年份归属，不把历年个案一律算作2023年当年新发生的事件。This page should be read the same way as the human rights report page in this section: distinguishing two layers, what this edition records and what the series records continuously. The current edition, covering 2023, records the state of religious freedom in China during 2023 and the measures, sanctions, and designation decisions taken that year; the CPC designation running unbroken since 1999 belongs to the continuous record of the whole series. A few entries in Section 3 — such as the nine-year sentence of Pastor Wang Yi of Chengdu's Early Rain Covenant Church — are representative cases accumulated over the years and recurring in the report's narrative; this site paraphrases them in the report's own framing and notes the years to which they belong, rather than counting long-standing cases as events newly occurring in 2023.

二、核心结论2. Core findings

这份报告中国部分的核心结论，首先是一个已持续二十余年的定性：中国是"特别关注国"。按IRFA的定义，这个类别适用于从事或容忍特别严重的宗教自由侵犯的国家，是美国宗教自由评估体系中最严厉的一档。1999年是IRFA生效后首批列名的年份，中国自那一年起入列，此后每一年的年度指定中都在名单之上。换言之，在这套官方记录里，中国的宗教自由状况不是某一年被评为恶劣，而是四分之一世纪以来，每一年复评、每一年维持最严厉档位。本站把这一点列为核心结论之首，因为它决定了第三节所有具体记录的读法：每一年的个案与措施，都是在"已经列名二十余年"的背景下被继续记录的。The core finding of the report's China chapter is, first, a designation now maintained for more than two decades: China is a Country of Particular Concern. Under IRFA's definition, that category applies to countries that engage in or tolerate particularly severe violations of religious freedom, and it is the most severe tier in the U.S. religious freedom assessment system. China was placed in that tier in 1999, the first round of designations after IRFA took effect, and it has remained on the list in every annual designation since. In this official record, then, China's religious freedom conditions were not rated as grave in one particular year; they have been re-examined every year for a quarter of a century and kept in the most severe tier every year. This site places that fact first among the core findings because it governs how every specific record in Section 3 should be read: each year's cases and measures were recorded against the background of a designation already more than twenty years old.

最近一次列名决定的细节如下：2023年12月29日，美国国务卿再次将中国指定为"特别关注国"。与列名配套的制裁措施，是沿用既有的对华出口限制——限制向中国出口"犯罪控制与侦测仪器设备"，其法律依据为《1990—1991年外交关系授权法》第402(c)(5）条。本站如实记录这一配套安排的原貌：列名本身年年作出，而配套制裁沿用的是既存的单项出口限制。把定性与制裁分开记录，是档案的本分——定性回答"美国政府如何评价"，制裁回答"美国政府据此做了什么"，两者不可混为一谈，也不可只记其一。The details of the most recent designation decision are as follows: on December 29, 2023, the Secretary of State again designated China a Country of Particular Concern. The sanction accompanying the designation was the continuation of a pre-existing export restriction on China covering crime control and detection instruments and equipment, whose legal basis is Section 402(c)(5) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991. This site records that accompanying arrangement exactly as it stands: the designation itself is made anew each year, while the attached sanction continues a single, pre-existing export restriction. Recording designation and sanction separately is an archive's basic duty — the designation answers how the U.S. government assesses the situation, the sanction answers what the U.S. government did about it, and the two must neither be conflated nor recorded only in part.

报告的另一层核心内容，是它记录的中国宗教管控的总体结构，而不是零散事件。按报告的叙述，这套结构由三部分构成：法律与登记制度决定哪些宗教、哪些团体、哪些场所可以合法存在；"宗教中国化"政策为所有被承认的宗教规定方向；对不服从这套结构者——未登记的教会、拒绝官方安排的教职人员、不放弃信仰的修炼者——则有查抄、拘留、检控与判刑跟进。第三节即按这个结构顺序展开：先法律框架，再新疆、西藏两地的宗教管控，再基督教各支派与法轮功的处境，最后记录美方在2023年内采取的制裁与列名行动。A further core element of the report is that it records the overall structure of religious control in China, not a scatter of isolated incidents. In the report's account, that structure has three components: laws and a registration system determine which religions, which groups, and which venues may legally exist; the policy of the Sinicization of religion sets the direction required of every recognized religion; and for those who do not submit to the structure — unregistered churches, clergy who refuse official arrangements, practitioners who will not renounce their faith — raids, detention, prosecution, and sentencing follow. Section 3 below follows that structural order: first the legal framework, then religious control in Xinjiang and Tibet, then the situation of the Christian churches and of Falun Gong, and finally the sanctions and listing actions taken by the United States during 2023.

三、主要记录内容3. What it documents

法律框架。报告记录，中国的宗教管理制度只承认五大宗教；宗教团体与宗教活动场所必须登记，经登记与批准方能合法活动，未登记者处于随时可被取缔查抄的地位。在这一框架之上，报告记录了"宗教中国化"政策的推进：被承认的宗教被要求在教义阐释、组织管理与外部形态上与官方方向保持一致。这一节是理解其余各节的前提：新疆的清真寺改造、西藏的寺院管控、家庭教会的查抄、天主教会地下神职人员的拘留，在报告的叙述中都不是彼此无关的地方事件，而是同一套"承认—登记—定向"制度在不同宗教、不同地区的应用。The legal framework. The report records that China's system for administering religion recognizes only five religions; religious groups and venues for religious activities must register, and only with registration and approval can they operate lawfully, while the unregistered remain liable at any time to being banned and raided. Upon that framework, the report records the advance of the Sinicization of religion policy: recognized religions are required to align their interpretation of doctrine, their organizational management, and their outward forms with the official direction. This section is the premise for understanding all the others: in the report's account, the alteration of mosques in Xinjiang, the control of monasteries in Tibet, the raids on house churches, and the detention of underground Catholic clergy are not unrelated local events, but applications of a single system — recognition, registration, and prescribed direction — to different religions in different regions.

新疆。报告记录，维吾尔穆斯林遭到大规模拘留，伊斯兰教的外部形态与日常实践被系统性压缩：清真寺被拆毁或被改造，斋月封斋与穆斯林服饰受到禁令约束，宗教人士被投入监狱。报告把这一地区的记录与宗教自由直接关联：被拘留者中包括因宗教身份与宗教活动而入狱的人，被拆改的清真寺与被禁止的封斋、服饰，属于信仰实践本身受到国家干预的条目。这一部分记录与本站人权报告页所载的新疆拘留体系相互印证，但角度不同：人权报告记录的是拘留体系的全貌，本报告记录的是其中宗教信仰这一维度——同一个人，可能同时出现在两套官方记录里，一次作为被拘留者，一次作为信徒。Xinjiang. The report records that Uyghur Muslims have been subjected to mass detention, and that the outward forms and daily practice of Islam have been systematically compressed: mosques have been demolished or altered, Ramadan fasting and Muslim dress have been subjected to bans, and religious figures have been imprisoned. The report ties this region's record directly to religious freedom: among the detained are people imprisoned for their religious identity and religious activities, and the demolished or altered mosques and the prohibitions on fasting and dress are entries in which the practice of faith itself is subject to state intervention. This part of the record corroborates the Xinjiang detention system documented in this site's human rights report page, but from a different angle: the human rights report records the detention system as a whole, while this report records its religious dimension — the same person may appear in both official records, once as a detainee and once as a believer.

西藏。报告记录，藏传佛教处于受控状态：寺院与僧侣受制度性管理，活佛转世必须经官方批准——信仰共同体内部的传承秩序被置于行政许可之下。报告特别记录了一个延续近三十年的个案：班禅喇嘛根敦确吉尼玛自1995年起失踪，至今下落为外界所不知。报告还记录了美方的一项具体行动：2023年8月22日，美国对涉嫌强迫逾一百万名藏族儿童进入政府寄宿学校的中国官员实施签证限制。这一条同时属于"记录"与"回应"两栏：寄宿学校问题被记录在案，而签证限制是美方就该问题在当年采取的处置。本站按报告口径转述，"逾一百万"为报告所载量级。Tibet. The report records that Tibetan Buddhism is kept under control: monasteries and monastics are subject to institutional management, and the reincarnation of living Buddhas requires official approval — placing the succession order internal to a faith community under administrative license. The report gives special place to a case now running for nearly thirty years: Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, the Panchen Lama, has been missing since 1995, and his whereabouts remain unknown to the outside world. The report also records a concrete U.S. action: on August 22, 2023, the United States imposed visa restrictions on Chinese officials suspected of involvement in the forced assimilation of more than one million Tibetan children into government-run boarding schools. That entry belongs in two columns at once — record and response: the boarding school issue is documented, and the visa restrictions are the measure the United States took on that issue during the year. This site follows the report's wording, and "more than one million" is the scale the report gives.

基督教。报告记录的条目覆盖新教与天主教两边。新教方面：未登记的家庭教会遭到查抄，代表性个案是成都秋雨圣约教会——其牧师王怡被判九年徒刑；教堂的十字架被拆除；圣经与宗教类应用受到管控。天主教方面：地下天主教会的神职人员被拘留；围绕中梵临时协议的争议被记录在案——协议存在，并不等于地下教会神职人员的处境随之改变。把两边并读，报告呈现的图景是：无论是否登记、无论属于哪个教派，只要宗教活动的实际运行超出官方框架，查抄、拆除、拘留、判刑就可能跟进；而王怡案的九年刑期，是这一图景中量刑最重的标志性个案之一。Christianity. The report's entries cover both the Protestant and the Catholic sides. On the Protestant side: unregistered house churches have been raided, the representative case being Chengdu's Early Rain Covenant Church, whose pastor, Wang Yi, was sentenced to nine years in prison; crosses have been removed from churches; and Bibles and religious apps have been placed under control. On the Catholic side: clergy of the underground Catholic Church have been detained, and the controversy surrounding the provisional agreement between China and the Vatican is placed on record — the existence of the agreement does not mean that the situation of underground clergy changed with it. Read together, the picture the report presents is this: registered or not, and of whichever church, once religious activity in practice runs outside the official framework, raids, demolitions, detention, and sentencing may follow — and the nine-year sentence in the Wang Yi case is one of the heaviest landmark sentences in that picture.

法轮功。报告记录，法轮功学员持续遭到监禁，有学员在拘押中死亡；学员被以刑法第三百条的"邪教"类罪名检控。这一条记录的要点有二：其一，"持续"二字——监禁与拘押中死亡不是某一年的突发新闻，而是这套年度报告逐年重复记录的条目；其二，罪名的法律通道——以刑法第三百条检控信仰者，意味着对法轮功的处置被装入"邪教犯罪"的框架，与对未登记教会适用的行政查抄、违法活动类处置在法律形态上不同。本站按报告口径转述这一区分，不自行引申罪名细节。Falun Gong. The report records that Falun Gong practitioners continue to be imprisoned, that practitioners have died in custody, and that practitioners are prosecuted under the cult-related offenses of Article 300 of the Criminal Law. Two points in this entry matter. The first is the word "continue": imprisonment and deaths in custody are not breaking news of a single year, but entries this annual series repeats year after year. The second is the legal channel of the charges: prosecuting believers under Article 300 places the treatment of Falun Gong inside a "cult crime" framework, legally distinct from the administrative raids and unlawful-activity measures applied to unregistered churches. This site paraphrases that distinction as the report presents it, without elaborating the charges beyond the record.

美方在2023年内的相关行动，报告亦有记录，可视为本节的收尾。其一，2023年12月8日，美国财政部依据《维吾尔人权政策法》制裁高琪、胡联合两名官员。其二，同日，美国国土安全部将三家实体列入《维吾尔强迫劳动预防法》实体清单。这两项行动与本节前文的新疆记录直接对应：报告记录新疆的宗教压制与强迫劳动，美方则在同一年度内以点名制裁官员、列名实体的方式作出处置。本站把这三项2023年的美方行动（连同西藏一节所载8月22日签证限制）集中记录于此，是为了让读者在一页之内看清这套制度的完整循环：记录、列名、制裁，三者同年发生，互为因果。The report also records related U.S. actions taken during 2023, which close this section. First, on December 8, 2023, the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctioned two officials, Gao Qi and Hu Lianhe, under the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act. Second, on the same day, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security added three entities to the entity list under the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act. Both actions correspond directly to the Xinjiang record above: the report documents religious repression and forced labor in Xinjiang, and within the same year the United States responded by naming and sanctioning officials and listing entities. This site gathers the three U.S. actions of 2023 — these two together with the August 22 visa restrictions recorded in the Tibet passage — in one place, so that readers can see the full cycle of this system within a single page: record, designation, and sanction, occurring in the same year and causing one another.

四、涉及的个案4. Individual cases

本报告历年版本点名记录、或与报告内容直接关联的个案与专题，在本站个案库中有以下页面：王怡（成都秋雨圣约教会牧师，判刑九年）、秋雨圣约教会（未登记家庭教会遭查抄的代表性个案）、法轮功（学员持续被监禁、被以刑法第三百条检控）、地下天主教会（神职人员被拘留）、浙江拆十字架（教堂十字架被拆除）、班禅喇嘛（根敦确吉尼玛自1995年失踪）。与人权报告页的口径相同：以上为历年点名或直接关联的索引，本站不声称本期（覆盖2023年）报告逐一点名了其中每一个个案；具体经过以本站个案页为准。Cases and topics named in editions of this report over the years, or directly connected to its content, have the following pages in this site's case archive: Wang Yi (pastor of Chengdu's Early Rain Covenant Church, sentenced to nine years), Early Rain Covenant Church (the representative case of an unregistered house church raided), Falun Gong (practitioners continually imprisoned and prosecuted under Article 300 of the Criminal Law), the underground Catholic Church (clergy detained), the Zhejiang cross removals (church crosses demolished), and the Panchen Lama (Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, missing since 1995). The scope is the same as on the human rights report page: the list above is an index of cases named over the years or directly connected, and this site does not claim that the current edition, covering 2023, named every one of them; for the full account of each, readers should consult this site's case pages.

这一节的索引有一个值得注意的特点：六个链接中，有教会、有个人、有持续二十余年的失踪案，也有横跨一省的拆除行动。它们对应第三节的四组记录——法律框架之外的教会（秋雨、地下天主教会）、外部形态的压制（浙江拆十字架）、传承秩序的接管（班禅喇嘛）、以及整类信仰者被刑事化（法轮功）。宗教迫害与言论、结社类迫害的不同之处在于，它往往同时打击一个人的信仰、社群与日常生活形态；本站个案页把这三个层面分别记录，读者可由本页索引进入，逐页对照官方报告的分类。One feature of this index deserves note: among its six links are a church, individuals, a disappearance now running for more than twenty years, and a demolition campaign spanning a province. They correspond to the four groups of record in Section 3 — churches outside the legal framework (Early Rain, the underground Catholic Church), suppression of outward forms (the Zhejiang cross removals), the takeover of a succession order (the Panchen Lama), and the criminalization of an entire class of believers (Falun Gong). Religious persecution differs from persecution of expression or association in that it often strikes at a person's faith, community, and daily way of life at the same time; this site's case pages record those three layers separately, and readers can enter from this page's index and compare them, page by page, against the official report's categories.

五、中方回应5. Beijing's response

对美国的国际宗教自由报告与CPC列名，中方的立场一贯明确：中国方面表示，中国依法保护公民的宗教信仰自由；斥责美国报告充满意识形态偏见、干涉中国内政；并称所谓宗教迫害是对中国的抹黑。本站按档案惯例，将这一回应与报告本身并列记录：报告的定性（第二节）、报告的记录（第三节）与被记录一方的否认（本节），同处一页，读者自行对照。Beijing's position on the U.S. international religious freedom report and the CPC designation has been consistent and explicit: the Chinese side states that China protects citizens' freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law; it dismisses the U.S. report as full of ideological bias and as interference in China's internal affairs; and it characterizes the alleged religious persecution as a smear against China. In keeping with archival practice, this site records that response alongside the report itself: the report's designation (Section 2), its documented record (Section 3), and the denial of the party whose record it is (this section) stand on the same page, for readers to compare for themselves.

需要指出，中方的这一立场与报告所记录的法律框架之间，存在一个可供读者自行核对的对照点：中方称受保护的是"依法"的宗教信仰自由，而报告记录的恰恰是那套"法"的具体内容——只承认五大宗教、团体与场所必须登记、未登记者可被查抄取缔。同一套制度，一方称之为依法保护，另一方记录为系统性限制。本站不裁断这一分歧，只把两种表述和制度内容同时存档——这正是"国际官方记录"栏目的用途：保存各方以官方身份留下的文本，使分歧本身成为可查的档案。It is worth noting one point of comparison, which readers can check for themselves, between Beijing's position and the legal framework the report records: the Chinese side says that what is protected is freedom of religious belief "in accordance with the law," while what the report records is precisely the content of that law — recognition of only five religions, compulsory registration of groups and venues, and liability of the unregistered to raids and bans. The same system is described by one side as protection under law and recorded by the other as systematic restriction. This site does not adjudicate that disagreement; it archives both formulations together with the content of the system itself — which is exactly the purpose of the International Official Records section: to preserve the texts governments leave in their official capacity, so that the disagreement itself becomes a consultable part of the archive.

六、官方原文与相关页面6. Official text and related pages

官方原文：美国国务院《2023年国际宗教自由报告》中国部分见国务院网站：2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: China；PDF全文见：中国部分 PDF 全文。本页全部内容为本站转述，未引用报告原文，读者可按上述链接逐项核对本页的每一条记录与每一个日期。Official text: the China chapter of the State Department's 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom is published on the Department's website: 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: China; the full text in PDF is at: the full China chapter in PDF. Everything on this page is this site's paraphrase, with no verbatim quotation from the report, and readers can check every entry and every date on this page against those links, item by item.

本站相关页面：同属"国际官方记录"栏目的美国国务院《各国人权报告》·中国部分，是同一机构的综合性年度记录，其中新疆拘留体系、宗教自由受限等条目与本页记录互为印证。两页并读，可以看到同一批事实在两套报告中的不同位置：宗教问题在人权报告中是年度清单的一项，在本报告中则是整份文件的全部主题。Related pages on this site: within the same International Official Records section, the U.S. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China is the same institution's comprehensive annual record, whose entries on the Xinjiang detention system and on restrictions on religious freedom corroborate the record on this page. Read together, the two pages show the same body of facts in different positions within two report series: religious issues are one item on the annual list in the human rights report, and the entire subject of the document on this page.

来源Sources

来源：美国国务院《2023年国际宗教自由报告》中国部分（覆盖2023年，2024年6月26日发布），state.gov 官方页面及官方PDF全文；报告依据《1998年国际宗教自由法》每年发布。中国"特别关注国"列名自1999年起逐年维持，2023年12月29日由国务卿再次指定，配套制裁为依《1990—1991年外交关系授权法》第402(c)(5）条沿用的犯罪控制与侦测仪器设备出口限制。本页全部为本站转述；个案为报告历年点名或与报告内容直接关联者，已在正文注明口径；中方回应按其一贯公开立场记录。核验日期：2026年10月。Sources: U.S. Department of State, 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom, China chapter (covering 2023, released June 26, 2024), official pages and official full-text PDF at state.gov; the report is published annually under the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. China's Country of Particular Concern designation has been maintained every year since 1999, was renewed by the Secretary of State on December 29, 2023, and carries the continued restriction on exports of crime control and detection instruments and equipment under Section 402(c)(5) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991. This page is paraphrase throughout; individual cases are those named across editions over the years or directly connected to the report's content, with that scope stated in the text; Beijing's response is recorded per its consistent public position. Verified October 2026.