EndCCPWorld.com

美国国务院《各国人权报告》·中国部分US Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China

一、文件是什么1. What this document is

《各国人权报告》（Country Reports on Human Rights Practices）是美国国务院自1970年代起、依照国会授权每年发布的全球人权状况系列报告。它不是针对某一个国家的临时声明，而是一套逐年连续、体例固定的记录：同一个国家在不同年份的处境，可以按相同的栏目逐项对照。报告由国务院民主、人权和劳工局（Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor，简称DRL）负责编写，覆盖近200个国家与地区。每一国一章，按统一的结构记录该国在报告年度内的人权状况，包括公民权利与政治权利、司法与拘留、言论与媒体、宗教、劳工权利等分项。The Country Reports on Human Rights Practices are a global human rights series that the U.S. Department of State has published every year since the 1970s under a mandate from Congress. They are not an ad hoc statement aimed at any single country, but a continuous, fixed-format record produced year after year, so that the situation in the same country can be compared item by item across different years under the same headings. The reports are prepared by the Department's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL) and cover nearly 200 countries and territories. Each country receives its own chapter, organized under a common structure covering civil and political rights, justice and detention, expression and media, religion, labor rights, and related headings for the year under review.

在中国部分，报告除内地正文外，另设香港、澳门、西藏三个分节，分别记录三地的状况。本页以最近一期为据：覆盖2024年、于2025年8月12日发布的《2024年各国人权报告》，其中国部分正文共42页。本站把这一期作为现行版本存档，同时在本节和第二节交代这个系列的连续性——因为单看任何一年的报告，都不足以说明记录的分量；正是逐年重复出现、措辞逐年累积的记录，构成了这份档案的证据价值。In the case of China, in addition to the main text on the mainland, the report carries three separate subsections on Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet, recording conditions in each. This page is based on the most recent edition: the 2024 Country Reports, covering the year 2024 and released on August 12, 2025, whose China chapter runs to 42 pages of main text. This site archives that edition as the current version, while also setting out the continuity of the series in this section and the next — because no single year's report, read alone, conveys the weight of the record. It is the accumulation, repeated and built upon year after year, that gives this archive its evidentiary value.

这个系列与中国有关的连续性，有两个年份节点需要在档案中标明。其一，自2017年起，每一期报告都记录了新疆的大规模拘留——也就是说，拘留营与大规模关押不是某一年的孤立条目，而是连续八年以上、每一年都被同一套官方报告程序记录在案的事实。其二，自2021年起，每一期报告都载明种族灭绝与危害人类罪的认定。这一认定在本系列中不是评论性语言，而是被逐年保留在执行摘要位置的正式定性。本页第二节引用的那一句原文，正出自这一脉络。Two dates mark the continuity of this series where China is concerned, and both are flagged in this archive. First, every edition since 2017 has documented mass detention in Xinjiang — meaning that the camps and large-scale incarceration are not an isolated entry in a single year, but a fact recorded through the same official reporting process in every year for more than eight years running. Second, every edition since 2021 has carried the determination of genocide and crimes against humanity. Within this series, that determination is not commentary; it is a formal finding retained year after year in the executive summary. The single sentence quoted verbatim in Section 2 below comes from exactly that line of record.

读这份文件，需要注意它的体例：报告记录的是"报告年度内发生的状况"，每一期只覆盖一个日历年；报告中的数字与个案，以发布时能够核实的材料为准。因此，本页在转述时区分两类内容：一类是2024年度报告本身记录的当年状况，另一类是该系列历年版本的连续记录（如新疆拘留自2017年起逐年在案）。第四节涉及的个案属于后者，本站按"历年版本点名记录"的口径表述，不把历年个案误写成本期点名。Readers should note the format of the document: each report records conditions during a single reporting year, and each edition covers one calendar year, with figures and cases based on material that could be verified at the time of publication. This page therefore distinguishes, in its paraphrase, between two kinds of content: what the 2024 report itself records about that year, and what the series has recorded continuously across editions — such as the Xinjiang detentions documented every year since 2017. The individual cases in Section 4 belong to the second category, and this site describes them as cases named across editions over the years, without presenting them as names appearing in the current edition.

二、核心结论2. Core findings

2024年度报告中国部分的执行摘要，开宗明义给出的定性是："当年，中国发生了针对新疆以穆斯林为主的维吾尔人及其他少数民族和宗教少数群体成员的种族灭绝与危害人类罪。"这一句是该报告全部中国记录的总纲：它把新疆的拘留、强迫劳动、生育控制等具体条目，置于国际法上最严重的两项罪名之下。本站按本站引用规范，仅在此处引用这一句原文（英文原文见本段英文版），其余内容一律转述。The executive summary of the China chapter of the 2024 report opens with its central determination: "Genocide and crimes against humanity occurred during the year in China against predominantly Muslim Uyghurs and members of other ethnic and religious minority groups in Xinjiang." That sentence frames everything else in the China record: it places the specific entries on detention, forced labor, and birth control in Xinjiang under the two gravest categories in international law. In line with this site's citation rules, that is the only sentence quoted verbatim on this page; everything else is paraphrase.

执行摘要随后列出该年度的"重大人权问题"。按报告的归纳，有可信报告显示存在以下情形：任意或非法杀害；人员失踪；酷刑，或者残忍、不人道、有辱人格的待遇与惩罚；非自愿或胁迫性的医疗、心理手段；以及政府的任意逮捕与拘留。其中关于拘留的一项，报告给出了量级：自2017年以来，逾一百万名维吾尔族及其他穆斯林少数群体成员被关入法外的拘留营与监狱；此外，另有数目不详的人员被安排接受日间的所谓"再教育"培训。换言之，报告记录的大规模关押包含两种形态——全封闭的营地与监狱关押，以及半开放的日间强制培训——两者合计构成自2017年延续至今的拘留体系。The executive summary then lists the year's significant human rights issues. In the report's summary of credible reporting, these include: arbitrary or unlawful killings; disappearances; torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; involuntary or coercive medical and psychological practices; and arbitrary arrest and detention by the government. On detention, the report gives a scale: since 2017, more than one million Uyghurs and members of other Muslim minority groups have been held in extralegal detention camps and prisons, and an unknown additional number of people have been subjected to daytime-only so-called re-education training. In other words, the mass incarceration the report records takes two forms — closed camps and prison detention on the one hand, and semi-open compulsory daytime training on the other — which together make up a detention system continuing since 2017.

清单的其余部分覆盖面很广，本站按主题归并转述如下。在跨境与对外方面，报告记录了针对身在境外个人的跨国镇压。在言论与信息方面，报告记录了对言论自由和媒体自由的严重限制，具体形态包括对记者、律师、作家、博主、异议人士和上访者的逮捕与刑事检控，以及对互联网自由的限制。在信仰方面，报告记录宗教自由受到限制，并记录了胁迫性堕胎与强迫绝育的个案。在劳工方面，报告记录了包括强迫劳动在内的人口贩运、禁止独立工会、对工人结社自由的系统性限制，以及最恶劣形式童工的大量存在。这份清单的意义在于它的并列方式：它把新疆的拘留体系与全国范围的言论、宗教、劳工问题放在同一份年度结论中，表明报告所记录的不是单一地区或单一领域的异常，而是覆盖多个权利领域的整体状况。The remainder of the list is wide-ranging, and this site paraphrases it grouped by theme. On cross-border conduct, the report records transnational repression directed at individuals located outside the country. On expression and information, it records severe restrictions on freedom of expression and media freedom, taking such forms as the arrest and criminal prosecution of journalists, lawyers, writers, bloggers, dissidents, and petitioners, together with restrictions on internet freedom. On belief, it records limits on religious freedom, and individual cases of coercive abortion and forced sterilization. On labor, it records trafficking in persons including forced labor, a prohibition on independent trade unions, systematic restrictions on workers' freedom of association, and the extensive presence of the worst forms of child labor. The significance of the list lies in its juxtapositions: it places the Xinjiang detention system in the same annual conclusion as nationwide problems of expression, religion, and labor, indicating that what the report records is not an anomaly in one region or one field, but an overall condition spanning multiple areas of rights.

这份年度结论的最后一项，是问责。报告指出，中国政府没有采取可信的步骤，去查明或惩处实施了人权侵犯的官员。本站把这一句单列记录，因为它决定了前面所有条目的性质：如果侵犯行为有查明、有惩处，年度报告记录的就是个案与纠错；而在没有可信问责的情况下，逐年重复的记录指向的是制度性的容忍。这也是为什么本站把美国国务院的这套系列报告列入"国际官方记录"栏目存档：它逐年留下的，是一国政府对另一国政府人权状况的正式、连续、可对照的书面记录。The final item of the annual conclusion concerns accountability. The report states that the government took no credible steps to identify or punish officials who committed human rights abuses. This site records that sentence separately because it determines the character of every entry before it: where abuses are identified and punished, an annual report records individual cases and their correction; where there is no credible accountability, a record repeated year after year points to institutional tolerance. That is also why this site archives this series in its International Official Records section: what it leaves behind, year by year, is one government's formal, continuous, and comparable written record of another government's human rights conduct.

三、主要记录内容3. What it documents

新疆部分是报告中国正文中最重的分量。报告记录的是一整套彼此衔接的措施：以法外拘留营和监狱构成的关押体系，自2017年以来关押逾一百万人；与关押体系相连的强迫劳动；针对维吾尔等群体生育的控制措施，包括胁迫性堕胎与强迫绝育的个案；以及家庭分离——父母被关押或被送入培训期间，子女与家庭被拆散。报告把这些条目并置呈现，读者可以看到，它们并非彼此孤立的事件，而是同一套针对特定民族与宗教群体政策的不同侧面。这也是执行摘要把"种族灭绝与危害人类罪"的定性置于全章之首的原因：定性来自条目的总和，而非单一事件。The Xinjiang portion carries the greatest weight in the China chapter. What the report records is an interlocking set of measures: a detention system of extralegal camps and prisons that has held more than one million people since 2017; forced labor connected to that detention system; birth control measures directed at Uyghurs and other groups, including cases of coercive abortion and forced sterilization; and family separations, in which children were split from their families while parents were detained or sent into training. The report presents these entries side by side, and the reader can see that they are not isolated incidents but different facets of a single set of policies directed at specific ethnic and religious groups. That is why the executive summary places the determination of genocide and crimes against humanity at the head of the chapter: the determination arises from the sum of the entries, not from any single event.

西藏分节的基调，报告概括为局势"无显著变化"。分节记录的内容包括：对宗教生活与文化认同的持续压制；寄宿制学校体系的扩展与普通话教育的推进；对批评同化政策的人士的拘留；以及外国记者几乎无法获准进入西藏采访。"无显著变化"在这份体例严谨的报告里不是一句轻描淡写：它意味着上一年度记录的压制措施在本年度全部延续，没有松动，也没有纠正。把西藏分节与上一年度的同名分节对照阅读，正是这套系列报告设计上的用途——变化的缺席，本身就是被记录下来的事实。The tone of the Tibet subsection is summarized in the report as a situation with no significant change. The subsection records continued suppression of religious life and cultural identity; the expansion of the boarding school system and the advance of Mandarin-medium education; the detention of people who criticize assimilation policies; and the fact that foreign journalists are granted almost no access to report from Tibet. In a report of this disciplined format, "no significant change" is not a throwaway phrase: it means that every suppressive measure recorded the previous year continued through this year, without relaxation and without correction. Reading the Tibet subsection against the same-named subsection of the year before is exactly the use this series was designed for — the absence of change is itself the fact placed on record.

香港另有分节。分节记录，在《香港国安法》以及2024年通过的《维护国家安全条例》（即基本法第二十三条立法）之下，言论自由、媒体自由与结社自由持续收紧；记录还包括任意逮捕、跨国镇压，以及对独立工会的打压。香港分节的存在本身值得在档案中注明：美国国务院把香港从中国正文中分出、单独成节记录，反映的是香港的状况被认为需要独立于内地加以追踪。把香港分节与内地正文并读，可以看到同一类措施——国安类立法、任意逮捕、跨国镇压、对独立工会的打压——在两套法律环境下的不同形态。Hong Kong has its own subsection. It records that, under the Hong Kong National Security Law and the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance passed in 2024 — the Article 23 legislation — freedoms of expression, media, and association continued to tighten; the record also includes arbitrary arrests, transnational repression, and pressure on independent trade unions. The existence of a separate Hong Kong subsection is itself worth noting in this archive: the State Department sets Hong Kong apart from the mainland text and records it separately because conditions there are considered to require tracking in their own right. Read alongside the mainland text, the subsection shows the same families of measures — national security legislation, arbitrary arrest, transnational repression, and pressure on independent unions — taking different forms under two legal environments.

内地正文记录的范围则覆盖全国性的权利状况。报告记录政治犯与良心犯的存在，记录律师与维权人士被刑事检控，记录互联网审查的常态运作，记录宗教团体受到的压力——其中明确包括未登记教会与法轮功等群体。这些条目与第二节的年度清单互相印证：清单中"对记者、律师、作家、博主、异议人士、上访者的逮捕与刑事检控"，在正文中落实为逐项记录的类别。本站个案页所收录的许多当代案例，其类型都能在这份官方报告的分类框架中找到对应位置；这正是本站在每个个案页之外、另设本栏目收录官方文件的原因——官方文件提供的是分类与全景，个案页提供的是一格一格的具体的人。The mainland text, for its part, covers rights conditions nationwide. The report records the existence of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience, the criminal prosecution of lawyers and rights defenders, the routine operation of internet censorship, and pressure on religious groups — expressly including unregistered churches and Falun Gong, among others. These entries correspond to the annual list in Section 2: the list's reference to the arrest and prosecution of journalists, lawyers, writers, bloggers, dissidents, and petitioners is borne out in the main text as itemized categories of record. Many of the contemporary cases in this site's own case archive fit, by type, into the classificatory framework of this official report; that is why, alongside its case pages, this site maintains this section for the official documents themselves — the official files supply the categories and the panorama, while the case pages supply the individual people, one by one.

此外，中国部分还设有澳门分节，与香港、西藏分节并列。本站本页的重点在中国正文、新疆、西藏与香港，对澳门分节仅在此注明其存在，读者可经第六节的官方链接查阅报告全貌。需要说明的是，本站转述时只采用报告实际记录的内容：报告未涉及的领域，本页不作补充；报告只给出量级而未给出确切数字的（如接受日间"再教育"培训的人数），本页同样只记录"人数不详"，不代为估算。The China chapter also includes a Macau subsection, alongside the Hong Kong and Tibet subsections. This page concentrates on the main China text and on Xinjiang, Tibet, and Hong Kong, and notes the Macau subsection only for completeness; readers can consult the full report through the official links in Section 6. It should be stated that this site's paraphrase uses only what the report actually records: fields the report does not address are not supplemented here, and where the report gives a scale but no exact figure — as with the number of people subjected to daytime re-education training — this page likewise records only that the number is unknown, and offers no estimate of its own.

四、涉及的个案4. Individual cases

这套系列报告的一个特点，是在分类记录之外，历年版本曾点名记录多名良心犯的个案，使抽象的类别落实为具体的人。本站个案库中与该系列历年点名记录直接相关的页面包括：许志永、丁家喜、伊力哈木·土赫提与黎智英。需要严格注明：以上为该系列历年版本曾点名记录的个案，本站不声称2024年度版本点名了其中任何一人；读者查阅具体个案时，应以本站个案页所载的完整经过为准，本页只提供官方记录与个案档案之间的索引关系。A feature of this series is that, beyond its categorical record, editions over the years have named and documented individual prisoners of conscience, giving the abstract categories concrete human form. Pages in this site's case archive directly connected to cases named across those editions include Xu Zhiyong, Ding Jiaxi, Ilham Tohti, and Jimmy Lai. It must be stated strictly: these are cases named in editions of the series over the years, and this site does not claim that the 2024 edition named any of them. Readers consulting a specific case should rely on the full account given on this site's case page; this page provides only the index linking the official record to the case archive.

把个案与官方文件互相索引，有两个用途。其一，个案页记录一个人的完整经历——被捕、关押地点、指控、判决、上诉与现状；官方文件则证明，这类个案不是孤例，而是被一国政府的外交机构以固定体例、逐年记录在案的类别。其二，当官方文件中的类别（如"律师与维权人士被检控"）与具体姓名（如许志永、丁家喜）并置时，读者可以自行判断类别与个案之间的对应关系。本站的编辑原则是只提供这种索引与对照，不替读者下结论，更不在官方文件没有点名的地方虚构点名。Cross-indexing cases and official documents serves two purposes. First, a case page records one person's complete experience — arrest, place of detention, charges, sentence, appeal, and current status — while the official document shows that such cases are not isolated instances but categories recorded year by year, in a fixed format, by another government's foreign ministry. Second, when a category in the official document — such as the prosecution of lawyers and rights defenders — is set beside concrete names such as Xu Zhiyong and Ding Jiaxi, readers can judge for themselves how category and case correspond. This site's editorial rule is to provide that indexing and comparison only: it draws no conclusions on the reader's behalf, and it never invents a naming where the official document made none.

五、中方回应5. Beijing's response

对美国国务院的年度人权报告，中方的立场一贯明确：中国方面斥责该报告充满偏见、干涉中国内政，不承认报告对中国人权状况的记录与定性。本站按档案惯例，把这一回应与报告本身并列记录，不作裁断：读者在本页可以同时看到报告的定性（第二节）、报告的记录内容（第三节），以及被记录一方的一贯否认。Beijing's position on the State Department's annual human rights reports has been consistent and explicit: the Chinese side dismisses the reports as full of bias and as interference in China's internal affairs, and does not accept their record or their determinations regarding China's human rights situation. In keeping with archival practice, this site records that response alongside the report itself, without adjudicating between them: on this page the reader can see, in one place, the report's determinations (Section 2), its documented content (Section 3), and the consistent denial of the party whose record it is.

中方的回应还有制度化的另一半：中国国务院新闻办公室每年发布关于美国的人权记录类文件——《美国的人权纪录》与《美国侵犯人权报告》——作为对美方报告的反制，以美方自身的体裁记录美国的人权问题。本站如实记录这一来一往的存在，因为它本身就是这段官方记录史的一部分：年度报告与年度反制报告逐年对发，构成两国在人权问题上公开交锋的完整文本链。本站不对任何一方的文本作真实性背书；本站的职责是存档、索引，并注明每一份文件的发布者与立场。Beijing's response has an institutional counterpart as well: China's State Council Information Office publishes its own annual human rights documents on the United States — the Human Rights Record of the United States and the Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States — as a countermeasure, recording American human rights problems in a genre mirroring the U.S. reports. This site records the existence of that exchange as a matter of fact, because it is itself part of the history of this official record: annual report and annual counter-report, issued in alternation year after year, form the complete textual chain of the two governments' public contest over human rights. This site endorses the veracity of neither side's texts; its task is to archive, to index, and to note each document's publisher and position.

六、官方原文与相关页面6. Official text and related pages

官方原文：美国国务院《2024年各国人权报告》中国部分全文见国务院网站：2024 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China；香港分节见：Hong Kong 分节。本页所有转述均可按上述链接逐项核对；本页引用的唯一一句原文（第二节）亦出自该报告执行摘要，读者可在原文首段核验。Official text: the full China chapter of the State Department's 2024 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices is published on the Department's website: 2024 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China; the Hong Kong subsection is at: the Hong Kong subsection. Every paraphrase on this page can be checked item by item against those links, and the single verbatim sentence quoted on this page (Section 2) likewise comes from the report's executive summary, where readers can verify it in the opening paragraph.

本站相关页面：同属"国际官方记录"栏目的美国2021年种族灭绝认定，记录了自2021年起被逐年载入本系列报告的那项认定的出台经过；美国国务院《国际宗教自由报告》·中国部分，则从宗教自由一个领域，记录同一机构另一套年度报告的中国记录。两页与本页互为参照：一页是综合人权记录，一页是专项宗教记录，一页是单项认定的档案。Related pages on this site: within the same International Official Records section, the 2021 U.S. genocide determination records how the determination carried in this series since 2021 came to be made; and the U.S. Report on International Religious Freedom: China records, within the single field of religious freedom, the China record of the same institution's other annual report series. The pages serve as references for one another: one is the comprehensive human rights record, one is the specialized religious record, and one is the file of the single determination.

来源Sources

来源：美国国务院《2024年各国人权报告》中国部分（覆盖2024年，2025年8月12日发布，正文42页，含香港、澳门、西藏分节），state.gov 官方页面；该系列由国务院民主、人权和劳工局编写，自1970年代起依国会授权每年发布。本页除执行摘要首句一处经标注的原文引用外，均为本站转述；个案为系列历年版本点名记录，已在正文注明口径；中方回应按其一贯公开立场与国务院新闻办公室年度反制文件记录。核验日期：2026年10月。Sources: U.S. Department of State, 2024 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, China chapter (covering 2024, released August 12, 2025; 42 pages of main text, with Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet subsections), official pages at state.gov; the series is prepared by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor and has been published annually under congressional mandate since the 1970s. Apart from one marked verbatim quotation from the first sentence of the executive summary, this page is paraphrase throughout; individual cases are those named across editions over the years, with that scope stated in the text; Beijing's response is recorded per its consistent public position and the State Council Information Office's annual counter-documents. Verified October 2026.