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联合国消除对妇女歧视委员会对中国的结论性意见（2023)CEDAW Concluding Observations on China (2023)

一、文件是什么1. What this document is

本页存档的文件，是联合国消除对妇女歧视委员会对中国履行《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》情况所作定期审议的结论性意见。消除对妇女歧视委员会的英文缩写是CEDAW，它是依据上述公约设立的条约机构，审议对象专门集中在妇女权利：缔约国按期提交报告，说明其国内妇女在法律地位、教育、就业、健康、婚姻家庭、公共生活等领域的实际状况，委员会在审议后以结论性意见的形式公布关切与建议。与其他条约机构的结论性意见一样，这份文件不是法院判决；它的分量在于，它是条约机构在正式审议程序中，听取缔约国陈述之后写下的书面结论，逐项可查、可引用、可据以追踪后续落实。The document archived on this page is the concluding observations of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on China's implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The Committee, known by the abbreviation CEDAW, is the treaty body established under that Convention, and its field of review is specifically women's rights: States parties report periodically on the actual situation of women in their countries across legal status, education, employment, health, marriage and family life, public life and other areas, and after its review the Committee publishes its concerns and recommendations as concluding observations. Like the concluding observations of other treaty bodies, this document is not a court judgment. Its weight lies in the fact that it is the written conclusion a treaty body reached within a formal review procedure, after hearing the State party's presentation — recorded item by item, available for consultation and citation, and usable as a basis for tracking subsequent implementation.

这次审议的程序节点可以完整还原。委员会第85届会议于2023年5月12日审议中国提交的第九次定期报告，审议以对话方式进行，委员会委员就报告内容与中国妇女权利的实际情况向中国代表团提问。审议结束后，结论性意见于2023年5月下旬正式发布，文号为CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/9。引用本文件时应连同文号一并注明；本页第六节给出联合国数字图书馆存档的官方原文链接，读者可据此核对本页转述的每一处内容。The procedural points of this review can be reconstructed in full. At its 85th session, on 12 May 2023, the Committee considered the ninth periodic report submitted by China. The review proceeded as a dialogue, in which Committee members questioned the Chinese delegation on the content of the report and on the actual situation of women's rights in China. After the review, the concluding observations were issued in late May 2023 under the symbol CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/9. Citations of this document should carry that symbol with them; Section 6 of this page gives the official-text link as archived in the United Nations Digital Library, against which readers can check every point paraphrased here.

本栏目把这份文件单独立档，是因为它以妇女与女童为专门视角，记录了其他官方文件较少集中处理的一组问题：寄宿制学校中的藏族女童、劳动力转移与职业培训中的藏族妇女、婚姻与就业中的维吾尔妇女、以及从事维权工作的妇女自身的安全处境。本页的写法与栏目内其他档案一致：核心结论用本站自己的话忠实转述，只在必要处保留文件的关键用词，不大段抄录原文；文件实际没有涉及的事项，本页不替它补充。This section of the site archives this document as a standalone page because, taking women and girls as its specific vantage point, it records a set of issues that other official documents seldom treat in concentrated form: Tibetan girls in the boarding school system, Tibetan women in labour-transfer and vocational training programmes, Uyghur women in relation to marriage and employment, and the safety of women engaged in rights defence work themselves. The method of this page is the same as that of the other files in this section: the core conclusions are faithfully paraphrased in this site's own words, with the document's key terms retained only where necessary and no extended reproduction of the original text; and where the document does not in fact address a matter, this page does not supply it on the document's behalf.

二、核心结论2. Core findings

本文件的核心结论可以归纳为三组，分别针对藏族妇女与女童、维吾尔妇女、妇女维权者。第一组关于藏族妇女与女童：委员会敦促废除强加于藏族女童的强制寄宿制学校制度，同时授权开办并补贴私立藏族学校。委员会还敦促立即停止西藏自治区的非自愿“劳动力转移”与“职业培训”计划——有报告称，这些计划削弱藏族妇女的宗教、语言与文化认同，并把藏族妇女限定在低技能工作中。与此相连，委员会要求保障少数民族女童以母语受教育的权利，母语包括藏语、维吾尔语与哈萨克语，并扭转教授少数民族语言的学校被关闭的趋势。把这几项连起来读，委员会的处理方向是一致的：寄宿安排不应是强制的，劳动安排不应是非自愿的，语言教育不应被切断。The core findings of this document can be grouped under three heads, concerning Tibetan women and girls, Uyghur women, and women human rights defenders respectively. The first group concerns Tibetan women and girls: the Committee urged the abolition of the compulsory boarding school system imposed on Tibetan girls, together with authorizing the opening of private Tibetan schools and subsidizing them. The Committee also urged an immediate end to the involuntary 'labour transfer' and 'vocational training' programmes in the Tibet Autonomous Region — programmes which, according to reports, weaken Tibetan women's religious, linguistic and cultural identity and confine Tibetan women to low-skilled work. Connected with this, the Committee called for minority girls to be guaranteed education in their mother tongue — the mother tongues named including Tibetan, Uyghur and Kazakh — and for the trend of schools teaching minority languages being closed to be reversed. Read together, these items point in a consistent direction in the Committee's treatment: residential arrangements should not be compulsory, labour arrangements should not be involuntary, and education in the mother tongue should not be cut off.

第二组关于维吾尔妇女。有报告称，当地存在强迫族际婚姻，以及以财政激励推行族际婚姻的同化政策；委员会就此敦促中国确保妇女能够自由选择配偶，调查强迫婚姻案件，并惩处责任人，包括负有责任的公职人员。委员会还记录，有报告称维吾尔妇女遭受胁迫性就业措施，其中包括强迫劳动，以及“职业教育培训中心”内发生性暴力的报告。在此基础上，委员会表示关切：少数民族妇女面临多重交叉歧视，在教育、就业与医疗方面获得的机会有限。这一组结论的内部顺序值得注意：先是婚姻自主，再是就业中的胁迫，再是场所内的暴力报告，最后是结构性的机会不平等——委员会是按从个人权利到整体处境的顺序，把问题逐层写进结论的。The second group concerns Uyghur women. There were reports of forced interethnic marriages and of assimilation policies promoting interethnic marriage through financial incentives; on this the Committee urged China to ensure that women can freely choose their spouses, to investigate cases of forced marriage, and to punish those responsible, including responsible public officials. The Committee also recorded reports that Uyghur women were subjected to coercive employment measures, including forced labour, and reports of sexual violence inside 'vocational education and training centres'. On that basis, the Committee expressed concern that ethnic minority women face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, with limited access to education, employment and health care. The internal order of this group of findings is worth noting: first the autonomy of marriage, then coercion in employment, then reports of violence inside facilities, and finally structural inequality of opportunity — the Committee wrote the problem into its conclusions layer by layer, moving from individual rights to the overall situation.

第三组关于妇女维权者。委员会表示关切：妇女权利维护者与女律师受到骚扰、拘留与报复，其中包括因与联合国机制合作而遭到报复的报告。委员会据此敦促中国保障这些妇女的安全与工作空间。这一组的记录意义在于对象本身：前两组结论所依据的信息，有相当一部分正是经由妇女维权者、女律师与民间组织收集和提交的；委员会在同一份文件中专门就信息提供者的安全作出结论，说明它把“能否安全地向条约机构提供信息”本身视为审议制度能否运转的条件之一。因与联合国机制合作而遭报复的提法出现在正式结论中，也使这一说法有了可以按文号查考的出处。The third group concerns women human rights defenders. The Committee expressed concern that women human rights defenders and women lawyers are subjected to harassment, detention and reprisals, including reports of reprisals for cooperating with United Nations mechanisms. It accordingly urged China to guarantee the safety of these women and their space to work. The significance of recording this group lies in who its subject is: a considerable part of the information underlying the first two groups of findings was collected and submitted precisely by women defenders, women lawyers and civil society organizations. By making findings, in the same document, specifically about the safety of those who supply information, the Committee showed that it treats 'whether information can be supplied safely to a treaty body' as one of the conditions on which the review system itself can function. The appearance, in formal conclusions, of the point about reprisals for cooperation with UN mechanisms also gives that point a source that can be traced by document symbol.

三、主要记录内容3. What it documents

在核心结论之外，结论性意见还按主题记录了中国妇女权利状况的多个方面。本节先就三组核心事项各自补充记录细节，再对其余议题逐项简述；所有内容只写本文件实际涉及的范围，不作延伸。先看藏族女童的寄宿制学校问题。委员会的建议由两个方向构成：一方面是废除强加于藏族女童的强制寄宿制度，另一方面是积极面的安排——授权开办私立藏族学校并给予补贴。也就是说，委员会要求的不是简单取消某种学校形式，而是取消其中的强制性，同时为藏族家庭保留在本民族语言文化环境中办学的选择。与之配套的是母语教育的要求：保障少数民族女童以藏语、维吾尔语、哈萨克语等母语受教，扭转教授少数民族语言的学校被关闭的趋势。寄宿、办学与语言这三项放在一起，构成委员会对少数民族女童教育问题的完整处理。Beyond its core findings, the concluding observations record, by theme, a number of aspects of the situation of women's rights in China. This section first adds the recorded detail for each of the three core subjects, and then notes the remaining topics item by item; everything here stays within what the document actually covers, without extension. Take first the boarding school question as it affects Tibetan girls. The Committee's recommendation runs in two directions: on one side, abolition of the compulsory boarding system imposed on Tibetan girls; on the other, a positive arrangement — authorizing the opening of private Tibetan schools and subsidizing them. In other words, what the Committee called for was not simply the cancellation of a form of schooling, but the removal of compulsion from it, while preserving for Tibetan families the option of schooling within their own linguistic and cultural environment. Matching this is the mother-tongue requirement: guaranteeing that minority girls can be educated in mother tongues including Tibetan, Uyghur and Kazakh, and reversing the trend of schools that teach minority languages being closed. Boarding, the running of schools, and language, taken together, form the Committee's complete treatment of the education of minority girls.

再看西藏的劳动力转移与职业培训。委员会要求立即停止的，是西藏自治区的非自愿“劳动力转移”与“职业培训”计划；委员会在文件中记下了作出这一要求的理由：有报告称，这些计划削弱藏族妇女的宗教、语言与文化认同，并把藏族妇女限定在低技能工作中。这里需要按文件的口径准确转述：委员会记录的是报告所称的影响，并据此提出停止非自愿计划的要求；它针对的核心词是“非自愿”——问题不在于劳动培训这一形式本身，而在于参加与否不由当事人自主决定，以及计划对当事人文化认同与就业层次造成的报告所述后果。Take next labour transfer and vocational training in Tibet. What the Committee called for an immediate end to were the involuntary 'labour transfer' and 'vocational training' programmes in the Tibet Autonomous Region, and the document sets down the reason for that call: reports indicating that these programmes weaken Tibetan women's religious, linguistic and cultural identity and confine Tibetan women to low-skilled work. This needs to be paraphrased in the document's own calibration: the Committee recorded the effects attributed to the programmes in reports, and on that basis called for the involuntary programmes to end. The operative word in its treatment is 'involuntary' — the problem identified is not the form of labour training in itself, but that participation is not decided by the women concerned of their own will, together with the reported consequences of the programmes for their cultural identity and for the level of work open to them.

维吾尔妇女部分，本节再记一层委员会的处理细节。关于婚姻，委员会的建议包含三个动作：确保妇女自由择偶；调查强迫婚姻案件；惩处责任人，且明确包括公职人员。把责任人范围写明包括公职人员，意味着委员会不把强迫婚姻只看作私人之间的纠纷，而是记录了有报告指向以财政激励推行族际婚姻的同化政策这一政策层面。关于就业与场所，委员会记录的报告包括：维吾尔妇女遭受包括强迫劳动在内的胁迫性就业措施，以及“职业教育培训中心”内的性暴力。关于整体处境，委员会的关切是少数民族妇女面临多重交叉歧视，在教育、就业、医疗方面机会有限。本站转载这一组内容时保留“有报告称”的出处口径，因为这正是原文件记录这些事项时所用的口径。On Uyghur women, this section records one further layer of the Committee's treatment. On marriage, the Committee's recommendations comprise three actions: ensuring that women can freely choose their spouses; investigating cases of forced marriage; and punishing those responsible, expressly including public officials. Writing the range of responsible persons to include public officials means that the Committee did not treat forced marriage merely as a private dispute; it recorded reports pointing to a policy level as well, namely assimilation policies promoting interethnic marriage through financial incentives. On employment and facilities, the reports the Committee recorded include Uyghur women being subjected to coercive employment measures including forced labour, and sexual violence inside 'vocational education and training centres'. On the overall situation, the Committee's concern was that ethnic minority women face multiple and intersecting discrimination, with limited opportunities in education, employment and health care. In carrying this group of material, this site preserves the sourcing formulation 'according to reports', because that is the formulation the original document itself used in recording these matters.

妇女维权者部分，本节补充记录委员会关切的具体形态：骚扰、拘留与报复。这三种形态程度不同——骚扰是日常工作与生活层面的施压，拘留是人身自由层面的强制，报复则是针对其维权行为或对外合作行为的事后惩罚——委员会把三者并列记录，并特别记下因与联合国机制合作而遭报复的报告。其建议的落点是保障妇女维权者与女律师的安全与工作空间。本页记录这一部分时不作个案展开；本站迫害纪实栏目中的相关个案页，才是记录具体人物遭遇的地方，两者的分工在第四节说明。On women human rights defenders, this section adds the specific forms of the Committee's concern: harassment, detention and reprisals. These three forms differ in degree — harassment is pressure applied at the level of daily work and life, detention is coercion at the level of personal liberty, and reprisals are after-the-fact punishment directed at a person's defence work or at her cooperation with outside mechanisms — and the Committee recorded the three side by side, noting in particular reports of reprisals for cooperation with United Nations mechanisms. Its recommendations land on guaranteeing the safety of women defenders and women lawyers, and their space to work. This page does not expand this part into individual cases; the place where the experiences of specific persons are recorded is the relevant case pages in this site's Persecution section, and the division of labour between the two is explained in Section 4.

其余议题，结论性意见亦有涉及，本页逐项各用一句存档：农村妇女的土地权益问题；妇女在政治决策层面的代表性不足问题；家庭暴力与性骚扰问题；被遣返的朝鲜妇女面临强迫堕胎与拘留的风险；以及贩运妇女问题。这五项在原文件中的篇幅各有不同，本页按档案体例只记其列入了结论性意见这一事实与议题名称，具体段落与建议以官方原文为准。这样处理，是为了让本页的篇幅分配与文件的核心关切保持一致，同时不遗漏文件的完整目录。The concluding observations also address further topics, which this page archives in one sentence each: the land rights of rural women; the insufficient representation of women at the level of political decision-making; domestic violence and sexual harassment; the risk of forced abortion and detention faced by North Korean women who are returned; and the trafficking of women. These five items differ in the space they occupy in the original document; in keeping with archival practice, this page records only the fact that they were included in the concluding observations, together with the name of each topic, and leaves the specific paragraphs and recommendations to the official text. This handling keeps the distribution of space on this page consistent with the document's core concerns, while leaving nothing out of its full table of contents.

四、涉及的个案与本站个案的关联4. Individual cases and links to cases on this site

本文件是机构层面的审议结论，不以审理个别案件为任务；但它记录的事项与本站多个个案页直接对应，互为参照。关于维吾尔妇女在“职业教育培训中心”内的处境以及胁迫性就业措施的记录，是阅读本站新疆再教育营个案页时可以对照的官方文本之一：个案页记录场所与人物的具体情况，本文件记录条约机构对同类报告所作的关切与建议。关于藏族妇女与女童的部分——寄宿制学校、劳动力转移、宗教与语言文化认同——可与本站拉萨3·14事件档案页对照阅读，后者记录的是西藏议题在本站事件档案中的历史脉络，本文件记录的则是2023年条约机构审议时的妇女人权视角。This document is an institutional review conclusion; its task is not to adjudicate individual cases. The matters it records, however, correspond directly to several case pages on this site, and the two serve as references for each other. Its record concerning the situation of Uyghur women inside 'vocational education and training centres' and concerning coercive employment measures is one of the official texts that can be set against this site's case page on the Xinjiang re-education camps: the case page records the specifics of places and persons, while this document records the concerns and recommendations a treaty body made on reports of the same kind. The parts concerning Tibetan women and girls — boarding schools, labour transfer, and religious, linguistic and cultural identity — can be read against this site's archive page on the Lhasa March 14 events: the latter records the historical line of the Tibet issue within this site's event archives, while this document records the women's-rights perspective of a treaty-body review in 2023.

关于妇女维权者的部分，与本站两个个案页的主题同属一个领域：白纸运动四名女性个案页与李翘楚个案页。本页不复述这两个个案的具体情节，具体事实以各该个案页的记录及其来源为准；本文件在此处的作用，是提供一个条约机构层面的参照——委员会在2023年的正式结论中，就妇女维权者与女律师遭受骚扰、拘留与报复表示了关切，并敦促保障其安全与工作空间。读者在个案页上读到具体人物的遭遇时，可以回到本文件，确认针对这一类处境的机构结论已经存在、且有文号可查。反过来，个案页也使本文件中的群体性表述有了具体的姓名与面孔。The part concerning women human rights defenders belongs to the same field as two case pages on this site: the case page on the four women of the White Paper protests and the case page on Li Qiaochu. This page does not retell the specifics of those cases; the facts are as recorded on each case page and in its sources. The function of this document here is to supply a treaty-body-level reference point: in its formal conclusions of 2023, the Committee expressed concern that women human rights defenders and women lawyers are subjected to harassment, detention and reprisals, and urged that their safety and working space be guaranteed. A reader who encounters a specific person's experience on a case page can return to this document and confirm that an institutional conclusion on situations of that kind exists and can be traced by symbol. Conversely, the case pages give the group-level formulations in this document specific names and faces.

五、中方回应5. Beijing's response

中国代表团在2023年5月12日的审议对话中对相关指控作了否认与说明，本页按对话立场如实转述，不虚构具体引语。中方的回应包括：否认存在强迫劳动、强制婚姻等指控；就西藏寄宿制学校说明，其设立是因应高原地区人口分散的实际情况，学生系自愿就读；中方一贯表示，条约机构的审议应当客观公正，反对将人权问题政治化。本节把中方立场与委员会结论并列存档：同一场审议中，委员会在听取中方回应后形成了包含上述关切与建议的结论性意见，中方则在对话中对指控作了否认并对相关制度作了说明。两方说法并存于审议记录之中，分歧本身即为档案的一部分，本站不另加裁断；读者判断时，应以审议记录与结论性意见原文为据。In the review dialogue of 12 May 2023, the Chinese delegation denied and explained the relevant allegations, and this page conveys that position faithfully as it stood in the dialogue, without inventing any specific quotations. The Chinese response included: denying allegations such as forced labour and forced marriage; explaining, in relation to boarding schools in Tibet, that they were established in response to the actual circumstance of a dispersed population on the plateau, and that students attend voluntarily; and the position China has consistently stated, that treaty-body reviews should be objective and impartial, and that it opposes the politicization of human rights issues. This section archives the Chinese position alongside the Committee's conclusions: within a single review, the Committee, after hearing the Chinese response, formed concluding observations containing the concerns and recommendations set out above, while the Chinese side, in the dialogue, denied the allegations and gave its account of the systems concerned. The two accounts coexist within the review record, and the disagreement itself is part of the file; this site adds no further ruling, and readers making a judgement should rely on the review record and the original text of the concluding observations.

六、官方原文与相关页面6. Official text and related pages

本文件设有明确的后续机制。委员会要求中国在两年内、即2025年5月前，就四项优先建议提交落实情况。这意味着这份结论性意见的档案并不在发布时关闭：委员会指定了优先事项与提交期限，后续落实情况本身也是记录的一部分。据公民社会组织2025年提交的跟进评估，当局对这四项优先建议基本未予落实。本站在此必须注明口径：这一评价出自民间组织的跟进评估，不是委员会本身的结论；引用时应写明其性质。把官方后续要求与民间跟进评估并列记录，读者可以看到同一组建议在两个层面上的不同状态——条约机构提出了要求并设了期限，民间组织的评估则认为期限届至时落实基本缺位。This document is equipped with an explicit follow-up mechanism. The Committee requested that China report on its implementation of four priority recommendations within two years — that is, by May 2025. This means the file of these concluding observations does not close at the moment of publication: the Committee designated priority items and a deadline for reporting, and the state of implementation itself becomes part of the record. According to follow-up assessments submitted by civil society organizations in 2025, the authorities have basically failed to implement those four priority recommendations. This site must note the calibration here: that evaluation comes from the follow-up assessments of civil society organizations; it is not a conclusion of the Committee itself, and citations of it should state its nature. Recording the official follow-up requirement and the civil-society follow-up assessments side by side allows readers to see the different states of the same set of recommendations at two levels — the treaty body made its requirements and set a deadline, while the civil society assessments hold that, as the deadline arrived, implementation was basically absent.

官方原文：联合国数字图书馆存档的结论性意见全文（PDF，文号CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/9）——联合国数字图书馆官方原文。站内相关页面：新疆再教育营、拉萨3·14、白纸运动四名女性、李翘楚。本页的转述如与官方原文有出入，以官方原文为准。Official text: the full text of the concluding observations as archived in the United Nations Digital Library (PDF, symbol CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/9) — official text at the UN Digital Library. Related pages on this site: Xinjiang re-education camps, Lhasa March 14, the four women of the White Paper protests, Li Qiaochu. Where any paraphrase on this page differs from the official text, the official text prevails.

来源Sources

来源：联合国消除对妇女歧视委员会《结论性意见：关于中国第九次定期报告》，文号CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/9，委员会第85届会议于2023年5月12日审议，2023年5月下旬发布，官方原文见联合国数字图书馆；中方立场据2023年5月12日审议对话中方代表团的回应转述；后续落实评价据公民社会组织2025年提交的跟进评估（民间组织评估，非委员会结论）。本页正文均为本站转述，未大段抄录原文。Sources: UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the ninth periodic report of China, symbol CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/9, considered at the Committee's 85th session on 12 May 2023 and issued in late May 2023, official text via the United Nations Digital Library; the Chinese position paraphrased from the Chinese delegation's responses in the review dialogue of 12 May 2023; the assessment of implementation per the follow-up assessments submitted by civil society organizations in 2025 (civil society assessments, not conclusions of the Committee). The body of this page is paraphrased in this site's own words, with no extended reproduction of the original text.